CORRELATION OF SERUM FERRITIN AND LDH ON CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS OF COVID-19 DISEASE DURING 1ST AND 2ND WAVE OF COVID 19 PANDEMIC IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, INDIA

In both the earlier waves of COVID-19 variants, severe and fatal respiratory disease like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) became more fatal in population with comorbid conditions. Therefore, early identi?cation of severe COVID-19 is very important for individual's precise management, including antiviral, oxygen support and intensive care unit (ICU) management. First case of COVID-19 got reported in the medical record of India on 30th January 2020 in a student who had returned from Wuhan, China. In 2020 and 2021 it was found that individuals with increased serum ferritin and LDH level landed up with severe and very severe COVID-19 if not treated timely and correctly. So correlation between S. Ferritin and LDH in 1st and 2nd wave was required to evaluate the condition of patients who remained admitted in critical care unit with or without comorbid conditions. This is hospital based cross- sectional observational study on 50-50 (total-100) critically ill patients admitted during 2020 and 2021 respectively. We found that In 2020 during the 1st wave serum LDH and serum Ferritin levels were signi?cantly high with the mean value of 481.65 U/L and 532.56 ng/ml respectively and in 2021 during 2nd wave serum LDH and serum Ferritin levels were again signi?cantly high with the mean value of 488.43 U/L and 667.27 ng/ml respectively. In 2020 patients with comorbid conditions showed S. LDH and Ferritin mean value of 543.47 U/L and 582.63 ng/ml respectively and in 2021 during 2nd wave it showed S.LDH and Ferritin levels mean value of 672.72 U/L and 727.38 ng/ml respectively. Both in?ammatory markers were signi?cantly more increased in the critically ill patients who presented with co-morbidities. This study will provide improved con?dence to health workers working in remote areas and COVID-19 hospitals in predicting transfer of COVID-19 patients to tertiary care hospitals for critical care management at the earliest.

Anticancer potential of Solanum lycopersicum L. extract in human lung epithelial cancer cells A549

The study aimed to reveal the phytochemical profile, free radical scavenging potential, and anticancer activity of Solanum lycopersicum L. leaf extract (SLLE). According to the study, SLLE contains plant secondary metabolites that are beneficial for health, like phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The SLLE has shown potential free radical scavenging potential in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging analysis and its EC50 values (concentration required to inhibit 50% of free radicals) were determined as 481.29 ± 33.82 and 527.56 ± 20.34 µg/mL, respectively. The SLLE has the ability to scavenge free radicals and could be used to treat illnesses brought on by oxidative stress. The anticancer activity of SLLE was assessed by MTT, LDH, micro-morphological, live/dead dual staining, and caspase-3 analysis. In the MTT assay, the IC50 value (concentration required to inhibit 50% of cell viability) of SLLE was determined as 190.41 ± 4.77 µg/mL. Furthermore, SLLE has shown potential anticancer activity by adversely affecting the plasma membrane integrity and escalating the caspase-3 levels. In the biomedical field, SLLE could be highly useful to treat cancer.

Inhibitory Effect of Sophora alopecuroides Total Alkaloids and Two Monomer Alkaloids on PC12 Cell Activity / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of total alkaloids， matrine， and sophoridine extracted from Sophora alopecuroides on the activity of pheochromocytoma cells （PC12 cells）. MethodThe effect of S. alopecuroides total alkaloids， matrine， and sophoridine at concentrations of 2， 1， 0.5， 0.25， 0.125， and 0.062 5 g·L-1 on the proliferation of PC12 cells was evaluated using the 3-（4，5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2，5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay. The lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） leakage rate was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell apoptosis rate， cell cycle distribution， and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was performed to determine the mRNA transcription levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2） and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）. Protein expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins Caspase-3， Caspase-8， Bcl-2， and Bax were detected by Western blot. ResultCompared to the control group， S. alopecuroides total alkaloids， matrine， and sophoridine inhibited the proliferation of PC12 cells， increased LDH leakage rate， enhanced intracellular Ca2+ fluorescence intensity， and induced cell apoptosis in concentration-dependent manner （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Among them， S. alopecuroides total alkaloids had the strongest inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in PC12 cells （P<0.01）. After treatment with S. alopecuroides total alkaloids， matrine， and sophoridine， the cell cycle progression of PC12 cells was arrested at G1/G0 in the S. alopecuroides total alkaloids group， and at G1/S in the matrine and sophoridine groups. The expression levels of Bax mRNA were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. All treatments significantly downregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and upregulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax， Caspase-3， and Caspase-8 （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with the most significant protein expression changes observed in the S. alopecuroides total alkaloids group. ConclusionAmong the S. alopecuroides total alkaloids， matrine， and sophoridine， S. alopecuroides total alkaloids exhibit the strongest inhibitory effect on the activity of PC12 cells， and its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of anti-apoptotic protein expression， upregulation of pro-apoptotic protein expression， and activation of the mitochondrial Caspase-8 apoptotic pathway.

Predictive value of serum lactate dehydrogenase on prognosis of patients with paraquat poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate the predictive value of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the prognosis of patients with paraquat (PQ) poisoning, and to provide evidence for early prognosis assessment. Methods: In February 2022, 50 patients with PQ poisoning who completed serum LDH detection admitted to the Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2012 to December 2021 were selected as the observation group, and 50 healthy physical examination personnel were randomly selected as the control group. Patients with PQ poisoning were divided into survival group and death group according to the prognosis, and the differences of blood routine routine, liver and kidney function and other indicators in the first admission between the two groups were compared. Multivariate logisitic regression model was established, ROC curve was drawn, and the influencing factors of prognosis of patients with PQ poisoning were analyzed. Results: Compared with the control group, the white blood cell count (WBC), total bilirubin (TBil), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), LDH, glucose (GLU) and creatinine (Cr) in observation group were significantly increased, while albumin (ALB) and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Univariate analysis showed that WBC, elevated LDH (>247 U/L), TBil, ALT, AST and Cr were significantly different between PQ poisoning survival group and death group (P<0.05). Multivariate logisitic regression analysis showed that elevated serum LDH was an independent risk factor for the prognosis of PQ poisoning patients (OR=9.95, 95%CI: 1.34-73.82, P=0.025). The area under the ROC curve of LDH was 0.811 (95%CI: 0.692-0.930). When the cut-off value was 340 U/L, the sensitivity was 0.889 and the specificity was 0.719. Log-rank test showed that there was a statistically significant difference in survival rate between the normal LDH group and the elevated LDH group (P=0.001) . Conclusion: Serum LDH has a good predictive value in evaluating the prognosis of patients with PQ poisoning. Elevated LDH is a risk factor for poor prognosis of patients with PQ poisoning.

Curative Effect of Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Spine System in the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation Complicated with Nerve Root Canal Stenosis / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical efficacy of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic spine system （TESSYS） in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation （LDH） complicated with nerve root canal stenosis. MethodsA retrospective study was done on 40 LDH patients complicated with nerve root canal stenosis who underwent TESSYS in our hospital from April 2019 to April 2021. The clinical efficacy of the patients was evaluated by the modified Mac Nab criteria 12 months after the surgery. We also measured and analyzed the scores of visual analogue scale （VAS）， Oswestry disability index （ODI） and Japanese orthopaedic association （JOA）， the changes of structural parameters of lumbar spine and inflammatory factor levels preoperatively， 6 and 12 months after the surgery. ResultsAll the 40 cases successfully underwent the surgery and follow-ups， with a 12-month post-operative clinical excellent and good rate of 90%. The preoperative， 6-month and 12-month post-operative VAS scores were （7.38±2.06）， （2.36±0.87） and （1.62±0.82）， respectively. The respective ODI scores were （55.54±11.19）， （26.52±7.61） and （18.14±4.36）； JOA scores （13.93±2.10）， （20.26±1.35） and （22.34±1.88）. The post-operative scores of VAS， ODI and JOA were significantly improved compared with those before the surgery （P<0.05）. The preoperative and post-operative lumbosacral angles were （37.23±6.84）° and （27.37±4.31）°， respectively， with the respective lumbar curvatures of （13.48±3.06） mm and （22.36±4.51） mm. The post-operative lumbosacral angle and lumbar curvature were significantly improved compared with those before the surgery （P<0.05）. The preoperative and post-operative high-sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP） levels were （3.43±0.61） mg/L and （5.18±0.70） mg/L， respectively， with the respective tumor necrosis factor alpha （TNF-α） levels of （1.44±0.27） mg/L and （2.07±0.44） mg/L. The post-operative levels of hs-CRP and TNF-α were significantly higher than those before the surgery （P<0.05）. ConclusionIn the treatment of LDH complicated with nerve root canal stenosis， TESSYS achieves a good clinical effect， improves the structure and function of the lumbar spine， reduces the degree of lumbar spine pain， and has a mild post-operative inflammatory reaction.

Salivary Lactate Dehydrogenase and Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase as Salivary Biomarkers in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A Narrative Review

Background: Salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is catagorized in altered protein markers present in saliva which shows significantly increased level in oral carcinoma. On the other hand salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of the sensitive markers for early detection of oral malignancy. As saliva sample collection is simpler, non-invasive and patient friendly, the use of salivary biomarkers for early detection of oral cancer has been increased remarkably in last decade. Aims & Objectives: To analyze the potential diagnostic role of major two biomarkers i.e, salivary LDH & salivary ALP in oral potentially malignant disorders & oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials & Methods: In depth search of topic on major search engines like pubmed, google scholar, EBSCO, Wiley online pertaining to the enzymes like salivary LDH, salivary ALP with keywords like salivary LDH, salivary ALP, oral potentially malignant disorders, oral squamous cell carcinoma, salivary biomarkers were done. The literature review was done from 2010-2019. The available data is tabulated & presented under various topics of discussion regarding their regulation & functionality in the body harbouring those disorders & conditions. Conclusion: The salivary LDH is found to be more promising salivary biomarker for detection of oral cancer as per this study. Quite a number of studies have been done during the last decade on the same. Whereas, there is paucity of studies on the role of salivary ALP as a biomarker for oral cancer, instead we can say the role of salivary ALP is rather more in periodontitis in comparison to carcinoma.

Concentración de lactato deshidrogenasa en grupos de edad pediátrica diferentes / Lactate dehydrogenase concentration in different pediatric age groups

La normalización del nivel de LDH en sangre se asocia con una mejor supervivencia en muchos estudios realizados en adultos, en niños y recién nacidos. El estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la LDH para diferentes grupos de edad de pediatría. Se realizó un estudio observacional en Pediatrics Ward, Hospital General de Abu Ghraib, de enero de 2018 a diciembre de 2019. La muestra de estudio incluyó a 250 niños, su edad osciló entre 1 día y 16 años. Se calcularon los niños de ambos género con estos grupos de edad admitidos en Ward, y se calcularon LDH en sangre. La historia materna, la fiebre, la infección umbilical, la sollozo, la hipoxia, la sepsis y el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (RDS) se documentaron en consecuencia. LDH medido como siguió: Recién nacido: 160 a 450 unidades por litro (unidades/L) y niño: 60 a 170 unidades/l. Dividimos la muestra a dos grupos, bebés recién nacidos (1 día a 1 año) y CHID (> 1 año a 16 años), y se documentaron las variables de estudio. La correlación de concentración y variables de LDH calculada. Se confirma el valor pronóstico del monitoreo de LDH en suero en serie para predecir la morbilidad y la mortalidad en los niños enfermos. Hay una correlación, aunque muy clara, entre los niveles de LDH en plasma con infección, asfixia y RDS

Normalisation of blood LDH level is associated with improved survival in many studies conducted in adults, in children and neonate. The study aimed to estimate the LDH for different pediatrics age groups. An observational study was conducted at Pediatrics ward, Abu Ghraib General Hospital, from January 2018 to December 2019. Study sample included 250 children; their age ranged from 1 day to 16 years. Children of both gender with these age groups admitted to ward, and blood LDH were calculated. The maternal history, fever, umbilical infection, SOB, hypoxia, sepsis, and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were documented accordingly. LDH measured as followed: New born: 160 to 450 units per litre (units/L) and child: 60 to 170 units/L. We divided sample to two-groups, newborn babies (1 day to 1 year) and chid (>1 year to 16 years), and the study variables were documented. The LDH concentration and variables correlation calculated. The prognostic value of serial serum LDH monitoring for predicting morbidity and mortality in sick children is confirmed. There is a correlation, although very clear, between the plasma LDH levels with infection, asphyxia, and RDS

Niveles séricos de la isoenzima creatina quinasa-MB y lactato deshidrogenasa como indicadores de daño miocárdico en perros con enfermedad valvular degenerativa / Serum levels of the isoenzyme creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase as indicators of myocardial damage in dogs with degenerative valve disease

RESUMEN Se analizaron los niveles séricos de creatina quinasa-MB (CK-MB) y lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH) en 10 perros diagnosticados con enfermedad valvular degenerativa y en seis perros clinicamente sanos, con el objetivo de evaluar si sus niveles séricos indican daño miocárdico. Las muestras de suero se analizaron mediante el método UV. Se utilizó la prueba de diferenciación de medias para determinar diferencias entre medias, y la prueba de correlación de Pearson para determinar si existe correlación entre los niveles séricos de ambas enzimas. Los valores de CK-MB y de LDH fueron significativamente diferentes entre los dos grupos de pacientes. Los niveles de CK-MB y LDH tuvieron correlación positiva, pero no significativa.

ABSTRACT Serum levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were analyzed in 10 dogs diagnosed with degenerative valvular disease and in six clinically healthy dogs with the objective of evaluating whether their serum levels indicate myocardial damage. Serum samples were analyzed by UV method. The mean differentiation test was used to determine differences between means and the Pearson correlation test was performed to determine if there was a correlation between the serum levels of both enzymes. The CK-MB and LDH values were significantly different between the two groups of patients. The levels of CK-MB and LDH had a positive but not significant correlation.

Gene Expression Endpoints Following Subchronic Thiamethoxam Exposure in Adult Male Rabbits

Aim: to investigate the sub chronic toxicity of thiamethoxam on some parameters of reproductive performance in adult male rabbits including gene expression of LDH-C4, FSH? and LH? and GnRHR. Method: sixteen adult male Chinchilla rabbits were divided into two equal groups. Animals in the first group were treated orally with TMX at dose of 250 mg/kg body weight for 90 days. The second group was served as control. Result: Obtained results showed that TMX increased the relative weight of some reproductive organs including testis and prostate. Hormonal analysis revealed that, TMX induced a significant elevation in the serum testosterone level, while the concentrations of FSH and LH hormones did not exhibit any alterations between treated and control groups. In addition, LDH-C4, FSH? and LH? and GnRHR genes were down regulated in TMX treated group. Conclusion: Administration of thiamethoxam for 90 days in male rabbits induced a noticeable adverse effect on serum testosterone level and down regulated genes related to male rabbit reproductive performance

Serum Lactate as a Predictor of Severity in Dengue Infection

Background Dengue infections caused by the four antigenically distinct dengue virus serotypes (DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, DENV4) of the family Flaviviridae are the most major arboviral diseases in humans in terms of geographic spread, morbidity, and mortality. Objective: The study was conducted to assess serum lactate in cases of dengue and correlate it with severity in dengue infection. Methodology: A prospective observational study was carried out among indoor patients admitted to the general medicine department of the tertiary care hospital SMIMER Surat. The study's duration was 15 to 18 months. Result: our study found out of total 154 cases; majority of cases were belonged from 83(53.90%) cases were from less than 30 years. male was contributed 96 (62.34%), majority of cases had duration of fever 39(25.32%), 66 (42.66%) case had high LDH, comparison of serum lactate dehydrogenase with severity of dengue mean lactate dehydrogenase of dengue without severity was mean was 148.45 and SD 11.81, while in severe dengue mean serum lactate dehydrogenase 388.23 and SD 99.47 with p value 0.001 which was statically significant. Conclusion According to this study, it is preferable to monitor serial lactate levels as opposed to using a single lactate number.

Identification of human LDHC4 as a potential target for anticancer drug discovery

One of the distinct hallmarks of cancer cells is aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is thought to play a key role in aerobic glycolysis and has been extensively studied, while lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC), an isoform of LDHA, has received much less attention. Here we showed that human LDHC was significantly expressed in lung cancer tissues, overexpression of Ldhc in mice could promote tumor growth, and knock-down of LDHC could inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer A549 cells. We solved the first crystal structure of human LDHC4 and found that the active-site loop of LDHC4 adopted a distinct conformation compared to LDHA4 and lactate dehydrogenase B4 (LDHB4). Moreover, we found that (ethylamino) (oxo)acetic acid shows about 10 times selective inhibition against LDHC4 over LDHA4 and LDHB4. Our studies suggest that LDHC4 is a potential target for anticancer drug discovery and (ethylamino) (oxo)acetic acid provides a good start to develop lead compounds for selective drugs targeting LDHC4.

Clinical Effect Evaluation of Acupuncture Combined with Five-Step Reduction for Treating Swimmers with Intervertebral Disc Herniatio / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of acupuncture combined with five-step reduction method for treating intervertebral disc herniation (IDH). Methods A total of 80 patients meeting the requirement of IDH were selected and randomly divided into control group, acupuncture group, five-step reduction massage group and acupuncture combined five-step reduction method group. Each group included 20 subjects, who received two courses of treatment for 1 month. After the treatment, the therapeutic effects of acupuncture, five-step reduction massage, acupuncture combined with five-step reduction massage were evaluated. The observation indicators included back pain JOA scale, McGill pain scale, quality of life QOL scale, gravitational moment and muscle moment. Results After the intervention treatment, compared with control group, the JOA, McGill, QOL, gravitational moment and muscle moment of patients in acupuncture group, five-step reduction massage group, acupuncture combined five-step reduction method group were significantly improved (P<0.05), and the improvement effect in combined treatment group was more significant (P<0.01). Conclusions Acupuncture combined with five-step reduction method significantly improved the symptoms of lumbar disc herniation in swimmers.

Different entry points of needle knife for lumbar disc herniation: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical efficacy and safety among three different entry points of needle knife, including tenderness point, intervertebral foramen point and articular process node, for lumbar disc herniation (LDH).@*METHODS@#A total of 105 patients with LDH were randomly divided into a tenderness point group (35 cases, 1 case dropped off ), an intervertebral foramen point group (35 cases) and an articular process node group (35 cases, 1 case dropped off ). In the three groups, the needle knife was given at positive tenderness points of lumbosacral and hip, the external point of intervertebral foramen and the node of vertebral joint process respectively, once a week for a total of 4 times. The scores of Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), Oswestry disability index (ODI), visual analogue scale (VAS) were recorded before treatment, 2 weeks and 4 weeks into treatment, and 3 months follow-up after treatment, and the clinical efficacy and safety was observed.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the JOA scores in each group were increased 2, 4 weeks into treatment and in the follow-up (P<0.05); 4 weeks into treatment and in the follow-up, the JOA scores in the tenderness point group and the articular process node group were higher than those in the intervertebral foramen point group (P<0.05). Compared before treatment, except for ODI score 2 weeks into treatment in the intervertebral foramen point group, the ODI and VAS scores in each group were decreased 2, 4 weeks into treatment and in the follow-up (P<0.05), and the ODI scores in the tenderness point group and the articular process node group were lower than those in the intervertebral foramen point group (P<0.05). In 2 weeks into treatment, the VAS scores in the tenderness point group and the articular process node group were lower than those in the intervertebral foramen point group (P<0.05); in 4 weeks into treatment and follow-up, the VAS scores in the tenderness point group were lower than the other two groups (P<0.05). After treatment, the clinical efficacy of each group was similar (P>0.05); during the follow-up, the total effective rate in the tenderness point group was higher than that in the intervertebral foramen point group (P<0.05). There were no serious adverse events in each group.@*CONCLUSION@#The three different entry points of needle knife all could improve the symptoms of patients with LDH. The comprehensive effect of improving the subjective symptoms, lumbar function, pain degree and long-term curative effect is better in the tenderness point group.

Les perturbations des enzymes ASAT, ALAT et LDH au cours du paludisme de l'adulte au Nord-est de la RDC / NA

Introduction : la présente étude avait pour objectif de ressortir certaines anomalies des enzymes hépatiques portant sur l'ASAT, l'ALAT et la LDH chez les patients impaludés en vue de contribuer à la prise en charge diagnostique du paludisme dans la ville de Butembo. Méthodes. Cette étude est descriptive. Elle a été réalisée dans le service de Médecine Interne et de Parasitologie de l'Hôpital Matanda du 1er juillet 2020 au 2 novembre 2020 soit pendant une période de 4 mois. Elle a porté sur une série de 100 patients impaludés avec goutte épaisse positive. Les paramètres d'intérêt étaient les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, les anomalies des enzymes hépatiques (ASAT, ALAT, LDH) et la densité parasitaire. Résultats : 100 patients ont été sélectionnés au cours de notre étude parmi lesquels 54 sujets de sexe féminin et 46 de sexe masculin. Le taux de LDH était élevé dans 73% des cas. Les transaminases ASAT et ALAT étaient élevées dans 28% et 31% des cas respectivement. Aucune corrélation significative n'a été retrouvée entre la densité parasitaire et les anomalies enzymatiques observées dans notre étude. Conclusion. Des variations notables des paramètres biologiques portant sur les anomalies de enzymes hépatiques dont l'ASAT, l'ALAT et la LDH ont été enregistrés au cours de l'accès palustre à Plasmodium falciparum chez l'adulte de la ville de Butembo. Ces paramètres pourraient avoir une utilité dans le diagnostic du paludisme et /ou constituer un indicateur de la sévérité de la maladie, spécialement lorsque les résultats parasitologiques ne sont pas disponibles ou sont incertains.

Mechanism of Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix Processed with Chebulae Fructus Against H9c2 Cardiomyocyte Toxicity Based on TRPV1 Channel / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 （TRPV1） channel in reducing cardiomyocyte toxicity of Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix processed with Chebulae Fructus. MethodH9c2 cardiomyocytes cultured in vitro were used as a model to assess cell viability by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） assay， the expression of TRPV1 mRNA was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and the leakage rate of lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， the changes of nucleus， reactive oxygen species （ROS）， mitochondrial membrane potential and Ca2+ contents were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. ResultCompared with the blank group， when the concentration was ≥0.5 g·L-1， the cell viability was significantly decreased （P<0.01）， the leakage rate of LDH， the release of ROS and Ca2+ were increased， the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased， and the nucleus was pyknosis or even broken in raw Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix and Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix processed with Chebulae Fructus groups. When the concentration was ≥0.5 g·L-1， compared with the same mass concentration of raw Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix group， the cell viability increased significantly （P<0.01）， the leakage rate of LDH， the release of ROS and Ca2+ decreased， the mitochondrial membrane potential increased， and the nuclear morphology improved in Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix processed with Chebulae Fructus group. Application of the same mass concentration of raw Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix to H9c2 cardiomyocytes pretreated with the TRPV1 inhibitor BCTC significantly increased cell viability， decreased leakage rate of LDH， ROS and Ca2+ release， increased mitochondrial membrane potential and improved nuclear pyknosis compared with untreated H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Application of the same mass concentration of Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix processed with Chebulae Fructus to H9c2 cardiomyocytes pretreated with BCTC decreased cell viability， increased LDH leakage rate， ROS and Ca2+ release， reduced mitochondrial membrane potential compared with untreated H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Real-time PCR results showed that both raw Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix and Chebulae Fructus decoction could increase the expression of TRPV1 mRNA in cardiomyocytes in a concentration dependent manner. ConclusionRaw Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix can induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiotoxicity by activating TRPV1 channel， while Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix processed with Chebulae Fructus can attenuate the toxicity through TRPV1 channel， which may be related to the synergistic effect of acid components in Chebulae Fructus and alkaloids in Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix on TRPV1 channel.

Utilidad de la prueba de la lactato deshidrogenasa en fallecidos cubanos con sida y neumonía por Pneumocystis jirovecii

RESUMEN Introducción: La neumonía por Pneumocystis jirovecii es una de las enfermedades de mayor impacto negativo en los pacientes con sida. La imposibilidad de cultivar el agente que la provoca, así como su cuadro clínico inespecífico y el alto costo de los métodos diagnósticos moleculares, señalan la necesidad de otras alternativas para su diagnóstico. La prueba de la lactato deshidrogenasa representa una opción a considerar. Objetivo: Demostrar la utilidad de la prueba de la lactato deshidrogenasa como diagnóstico de la Pneumocystis jirovecii en fallecidos cubanos por sida. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles (25 casos [Pneumocystis jirovecii] y 30 controles [compuestos por tres grupos: tuberculosis, linfoma y neumonía bacteriana, respectivamente]) en fallecidos cubanos a los que se realizó la autopsia desde enero de 1996 a diciembre de 2016. Se utilizaron cinco rangos de corte para buscar el valor óptimo de la prueba. Resultados: En el presente estudio existen diferencias altamente significativas entre los pacientes analizados (casos y controles) y entre los restantes individuos que componen los controles con respecto al del linfoma. El rango de corte óptimo para la prueba de la lactato deshidrogenasa fue (550-<800 U/I) con sensibilidad de 80 % y especificidad de 63 %. La razón de disparidad (OR) demostró que existe 6,91 veces más probabilidades que los pacientes por Pneumocystis jirovecii tengan las cifras de LDH mayor que los pacientes controles. Conclusiones: Este trabajo aporta evidencias científicas del rol de la prueba de la lactato deshidrogenasa como herramienta complementaria para el diagnóstico de la Pneumocystis jirovecii.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is one of the diseases causing the greatest negative impact on AIDS patients. The impossibility of culturing its causative agent, its unspecific clinical presentation and the high cost of molecular diagnostic methods, make it necessary to find other diagnostic alternatives. The lactate dehydrogenase test is an option to be considered. Objective: Demonstrate the usefulness of the lactate dehydrogenase test to diagnose Pneumocystis jirovecii in Cuban patients deceased with AIDS. Methods: A case-control study was conducted (25 cases [Pneumocystis jirovecii] and 30 controls [distributed into three groups: tuberculosis, lymphoma and bacterial pneumonia, respectively]) of Cuban deceased patients undergoing post-mortem examination from January 1996 to December 2016. Five cutoff ranges were used to find the optimal value of the test. Results: Highly significant differences were found between the patients analyzed (cases and controls) and between the remaining individuals making up the controls with respect to the one with lymphoma. The optimal cutoff range for the lactate dehydrogenase test was 550-<800 U/I, with 80% sensitivity and 63% specificity. The odds ratio (OR) showed that probabilities are 6.91 times greater that Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia patients have higher LDH figures than control patients. Conclusions: Scientific evidence is contributed of the role of the lactate dehydrogenase test as a complementary tool in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii.

Cytotoxic Effects of Bulk-Fill Composites on L929 Fibroblast Cells / Efeitos citotóxicos dos compósitos bulk-fill em células de fibroblastos L929

Objective: Unlike traditional composite resins, bulk-fill composite resins could be polymerized as thicker layers. This study aims to contribute to the field by investigating the cytotoxic effects of various bulk-fill composite resins on L929 mouse fibroblast cells in vitro. Material and Methods: In our study, six bulk fill and one conventional composite resin were used. Composite resin samples (8×4 mm) were prepared in a sterile cabinet by using a glass mod and polymerizing with a led light device (DTE LUX E, Germany). Composite samples (n:3) of which surface area was calculated according to ISO 10993-12: 2012 standards (3 cm2/ml), were kept in media for 24 h and 72 h in 37 oC incubator, their extracts were filtered in 1:1 and 1:2 proportion and were added on L929 mouse fibroblast cells. Cell viability was examined by the MTT assay and cell death by the LDH test. Cell viability results were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (p<0.05). Results: When the 1:1 extracts from 4 mm thick bulk-fill composite samples were applied on L929 mouse fibroblast cells, cell viability rates showed significant differences compared to the control group at the end of 24 h and 72 h (except for Estelite Bulk Fill Flow). Although the extracts of the tested composite samples at 1:1 and 1:2 ratio at the end of 72 hours caused a decrease in L929 mouse fibroblast cell viability, the cell viability rate of only PRG-containing bulk fill composite and conventional composite remained below the cell viability ratio (70%) specified in ISO standards. Bulk fill composites did not produce toxic effects (except Beautifil Bulk Restorative) according to the LDH test. Conclusions: Despite decreasing in general the cell viability, bulk-fill composite resins used in 4 mm thick layers provided cell viability rates over the acceptability level, except PRG-containing bulk fill composite (Beautifil Bulk Restorative), which was cytotoxic to L929 mouse fibroblasts. (AU)

Objetivo: Ao contrário das resinas compostas tradicionais, as resinas compostas bulk-fill podem ser polimerizadas como camadas mais espessas. Este estudo visa investigar in vitro os efeitos citotóxicos de várias resinas compostas bulk-fill em células de fibroblastos de camundongo L929.Material e Métodos: Em nosso estudo, seis resinas tipo bulk fill e uma resina composta convencional foram usadas. Amostras de resina composta (8 × 4 mm) foram preparadas em gabinete estéril usando um molde de vidro e polimerizado com um dispositivo de luz LED (DTE LUX E, Alemanha). Amostras compostas (n=3) cuja área de superfície foi calculada de acordo com os padrões ISO 10993-12:2012 (3cm2/ml), foram mantidas em meio e incubadas por 24 h e 72 h a 37 ºC, seus extratos foram filtrados na Proporção de 1:1 e 1:2 e foram acondicionados em cultura de células de fibroblastos de camundongo L929. A viabilidade celular foi examinada pelo ensaio MTT e a morte celular pelo teste LDH. Os resultados de viabilidade celular foram avaliados usando o teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) um fator (p <0,05). Resultados: Quando os extratos foram plaqueados na proporção 1:1 de amostras de compósito bulk-fill de 4 mm de espessura com as células de fibroblastos de camundongo L929, as taxas de viabilidade celular mostraram diferenças significativas em comparação com o grupo controle no final de 24 h e 72 h (exceto para Estelite Bulk Fluxo de enchimento). Embora os extratos das amostras compostas testadas na proporção de 1:1 e 1:2 ao final de 72 horas tenham causado uma diminuição na viabilidade das células de fibroblastos de camundongo L929, a taxa de viabilidade celular apenas do compósito de preenchimento total contendo PRG e o compósito convencional permaneceram abaixo a taxa de viabilidade celular (70%) especificada nas normas ISO. Os compósitos de preenchimento a granel não produziram efeitos tóxicos (exceto Beautifil Bulk Restorative) de acordo com o teste de LDH. Conclusão: Apesar de diminuir em geral a viabilidade celular, as resinas compostas bulk-fill usadas em camadas de 4 mm de espessura forneceram taxas de viabilidade celular acima do nível aceitável, exceto o compósito bulk fill contendo PRG (Beautifil Bulk Restorative), que foi citotóxico para fibroblastos de camundongos L929 (AU)

Efectos bioquímicos e histopatológicos en ratas inducidos por el veneno de Crotalus durissus cumanensis del municipio Falcón, estado Falcón, Venezuela / Biochemical and Histopathological Effects in rats Induced by the Poison of Crotalus durissus cumanensis from the Falcón Municipality, Falcón State, Venezuela

Resumen El accidente ofídico representa un importante problema de salud pública en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. La cascabel común (Crotalus durissus cumanensis) es la serpiente del género Crotalus más abundante en Venezuela. El objetivo fue determinar los cambios séricos en la alanino aminotransferasa (ALT), aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH) y creatina fosfocinasa (CK) en ratas, inducidos por el veneno de Crotalus durissus cumanensis, así como el establecimiento de los efectos histopatológicos. Se prepararon cinco grupos experimentales con tres ratas cada uno, reservando un grupo control placebo (G1), el cual fue tratado por ruta IP con 100 µL de solución salina fisiológica estéril (SSFe). Al resto de los animales se les administraron 50 µg de veneno nativo por la misma vía. Estos fueron sacrificados a las 1 (G2), 3 (G3), 6 (G4) y 9 (G5) horas posinoculación, con tomas de muestras séricas para determinaciones de las referidas enzimas y de diferentes órganos para estudios histopatológicos (corazón, músculo esquelético, hígado y riñón). Se observó un incremento en la ALT (p < 0,005) a partir de la primera hora posinyección, con un pico a la novena hora de 147 ± 8 UI/L; para la AST (p < 0,005) a partir de la primera hora posinyección con concentración pico a la sexta hora (293 ± 8 UI/L). De la LDH (p < 0,005) se registró un pico máximo de 2700 ± 8 UI/L a la novena hora posinyección. La CK (p < 0,005) mostró un pico máximo de concentración a la sexta hora (1489,66 ± 8,5 UI/L). Los resultados histopatológicos en tejido cardíaco mostraron hiperemia, congestión y necrosis de Zenker; en músculo esquelético, hiperemia, infiltrado inflamatorio, necrosis de Zenker; en hígado, extravasación de glóbulos rojos, congestión de sinusoides, telangiectasia e infiltrado inflamatorio en vena centrolobulillar. El riñón mostró hemorragia en túbulos contorneados, infiltrado inflamatorio, colapso de los túbulos hasta la pérdida de la arquitectura del órgano. Los efectos observados fueron tiempo-dependientes. Los resultados pueden indicar un posible efecto miotóxico y hepatotóxico.

Abstract The ophidian accident represents a major public health problem in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The common rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus cumanensis) is the most abundant snake of the genus Crotalus in Venezuela. The objective was to determine the serum changes in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CK) in rats, induced by the poison of Crotalus durissus cumanensis, as well as the establishment of histopathological effects. Five experimental groups were prepared with 3 rats each, reserving a placebo control group (G1), which was treated by IP route with 100 µL of sterile Physiological Saline Solution (SSFe), the rest of the animals were administered 50 µg of venom native by the same route, which were sacrificed at 1 (G2), 3 (G3), 6 (G4) and 9 (G5) hours post-inoculation, with serum samples taken for determinations of said enzymes, as well as different orgns for histopathological studies (heart, skeletal muscle, liver and kidney). An increase in ALT (p <0.005) was observed from the first hour post injection, with a peak at the ninth hour of 147 ± 8 IU / L; for AST (p <0.005) from the first hour post-injection with peak concentration at the sixth hour (293 ± 8 IU / L); with respect to LDH (p <0.005), a maximum peak of 2700 ± 8 IU / L was recorded at the ninth hour post-injection. CK (p <0.005) registered a maximum concentration peak at the sixth hour (1489.66 ± 8.5 IU / L). Histopathological results in cardiac tissue showed Zenker hyperemia, congestion, and necrosis; in skeletal muscle hyperemia, inflammatory infiltrate, Zenker's necrosis; in liver extravasation of red blood cells, sinus congestion, telangiectasia and inflammatory infiltrate in the centrilobular vein; the kidney showed hemorrhage in contoured tubules, inflammatory infiltrate, collapse of the tubules until loss of the organ architecture. The observed effects were time-dependent. The results could indicate a possible myotoxic and hepatotoxic effect.

Can preoperative serum lactate dehydrogenase levels predict postoperative pulmonary complication following an emergency abdominal surgery? An observational study

Background: Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) are one of the commonest complications following gastrointestinal surgery. They lead to increase in morbidity and mortality. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme present in essentially all major organ systems. Studies have shown measurement of its activity levels and its isoenzyme pattern may provide additional information about lung and pulmonary endothelial cell injury. The objectives of the present study were to study the levels of serum LDH in patients with and without post-operative pulmonary complications following emergency abdominal surgery.Methods: The study was designed as an observational study. All patients ≥18 years of age undergoing gastrointestinal surgery, excluding those with prior lung pathology were included in the study. The demographic parameters, clinical parameters and laboratory parameters along with details of pulmonary complications were recorded. Serum LDH level were assessed on admission. Levels of serum LDH were compared between patients with and without post-operative pulmonary infections and were assessed for significance.Results: Incidence of PPC was 28% in our study. There was significant difference in the mean age in the group with and without PPC (p=<0.001). Smoking habit, serum albumin total protein and upper abdomen incision surgery were associated with increased incidence of PPC. Pleural effusion was the commonest PPC seen in patients. Serum LDH was not significantly associated with the incidence of PPC.Conclusions: Pre-operative serum LDH level is not a predictive factor for occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complication. Age, smoking, total protein, serum albumin, upper abdomen incision were found to associated with increased risk of PPCs.

Effect of cold ischemia time on early graft function and acute rejection after liver transplantation / 器官移植

Objective To evaluate the effect of different cold ischemia time (CIT) on early graft function and acute rejection (AR) after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 218 donors and recipients undergoing liver transplantation were collected and analyzed. All patients were divided into three groups according to the CIT of donor liver: group A (CIT≤6 h, n=60), group B (6 h < CIT≤10 h, n=89) and group C (CIT > 10 h, n=69). Blood samples were collected on the 1, 7 and 14 d after liver transplantation. The changes of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in CD4+T cells were detected. The incidence of AR and the positive rate of C4d deposition were analyzed. Results The ALT, AST and LDH levels in each group reached the peak on the 1 d after operation, and then gradually decreased. The indexes in each group were almost equivalent on the 14 d. An interaction effect existed between postoperative time and group. After liver transplantation, ATP levels in CD4+T cells were gradually increased in each group, peaked at postoperative 7 d, and then decreased gradually. An interaction effect was noted between postoperative time and group. The incidence of AR in groups A, B and C was 10%, 12% and 28%. Compared with group C, the incidence of AR in groups A and B was decreased significantly (both P < 0.05/3). The positive rate of C4d deposition in AR recipients of groups A, B and C was 1/3, 45% and 89% respectively. Compared with group C, the positive rate of C4d deposition in group A was decreased significantly (P=0.015). Conclusions The prolongation of CIT may lead to aggravation of early-stage liver function injury after liver transplantation, which is more easily to induce humoral AR.